![]() ![]() Matthew Arnold (1822-88), poet and critic, worked as inspector of schools from 1851-57, travelling across England and Europe, investigating Nonconformist schools, and Professor of Poetry at Oxford, 1857-86. These critics offered readers examples of detailed, concrete analyses of cultural experiences. Leavis, who in the twentieth-century saw the "great tradition" as a remedy for contemporary social problems (they regarded culture and democracy as opposed). It is more fruitful to trace CS to Matthew Arnold, T.S. His Tory-democratic attitude appealed to many and his defence of orthodoxy (always philosophical) has influenced modern "neo-Christianity." Coleridge wrote such inspired poems as "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and "Kubla Khan," and over the years he shared his interest in political philosophy in Biographia Literaria (1817), in which he introduces the philosophy of Kant, Fichte, and Schelling to English thinkers, Aids to Reflection (1825), a philosophical treatise on the distinctions between Understanding and Reason, and Anima Poetae (1895), a collection of observations on a variety of social and cultural topics. Coleridge met William Wordsworth in 1795, and the poets formed a deep friendship they visited Germany during the year 1798-99 (Coleridge developed a taste for German philosophy and criticism), and they collaborated on Lyrical Ballads (1789), a volume which signalled the start of the Romantic movement in English poetry. Coleridge (1772-1834), the poet, critic, and philosopher who wore the mantle of cultural critic for his generation. I end with a brief sketch of the characteristics that distinguish this problematic. Like Schulman, I will discuss the historical antecedents of this intellectual movement explain what the founders and their successors meant by CS and how they defined its aims consider what theoretical or practical obstacles lay in the way of realizing its goals and indicate the contributions Birmingham CS has made to the study of culture and communication. In compiling this history, I take as my point of departure the account Norma Schulman (1993, p. Hall (1984) writes that CS is both interpretive and evaluative in its methodologies, but rejects the simple equation of culture with "high" culture, stressing that all forms of cultural production need to be studied in relation to other cultural practices and to social and historical structures. 31), but most claim that CS enables them to examine cultural objects and practices from the point of view of their interaction with and within relations of power. Different scholars have endorsed different definitions of CS as a problematic (Hall, 1996, p. ![]() BCS emerged from the work done at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS), an interdisciplinary research centre Richard Hoggart and Stuart Hall established at the University of Birmingham in 1964. For about two decades, in many parts of the world, Cultural Studies (CS) has been moving into the mainstream of intellectual life, offering scholars interested in society and culture alternatives to old research paradigms (Hardt, 1989 Grossberg, 1997). ![]()
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